The e-books is dead! Long live the e-book!

Photo credit: cehwiedel

As quick as we are to declare the death of print and the ascendancy of the e-book, it seems that we are quicker to rush to the gallows of the e-book the moment sales begin to falter.  Or at least that's what I got from Nicholas Carr's most recent review of the state of e-books: "Don't Burn Your Books--Print Is Here to Stay." 

Carr takes a look at some of the recent Pew surveys about e-reading habits, and sales figures for popular e-readers and concludes that readers have decided their Kindles are only good for hiding copies of Fifty Shades of Grey, and that really they'd rather be playing video games on their tablets, or guiltily sniffing the ink between two hard covers of a Pulitzer Prize winner.

While he's not totally wrong, I think that his arguments largely miss the point of why we should care about whether people read a digital or a print text. What's worse, his article reeks of a snobbery that is frankly unhelpful when we talk about the reading public.  Really, what we should be concerned about is not how folks are consuming texts, or whether they're reading the "right" texts--but whether folks are reading at all, and getting anything out of what they read (be that information, titillation, enlightenment, connection, empathy, or thrills).

Based on the sales of genre fiction versus literary fiction and non-fiction, Carr points out something that several Bookaneers presented on and blogged about back in 2010 (please don't watch the video of our conference presentation, because it's embarrassing, just know that it's there): that we read differently for different purposes, and that reading for information and reading for narrative require different technologies (see also Freeda's post about ideal e-books for academic reading).

While Carr chalks up the popularity of genre fiction in e-book format to the shame that he expects readers to feel about "the kind of light entertainments that have traditionally been sold in supermarkets and airports," I would attribute it instead to the addictiveness of  the only novels that most people are reading.  Romance novel addicts will tell you that they read them as fast as they can get them, and if the Amazon marketplace is closer than the supermarket, then they're going to read even more, even faster. Furthermore, even if readers wanted to read things like, say, textbooks on their e-readers, they can't, because the makers of both e-readers and e-books have utterly failed to adapt their technologies to anything other than linear, narrative reading.

There is a consistent conflation in Carr's piece between e-readers and e-books, and it makes for a muddied analysis.  It makes perfect sense to me that e-readers will disappear as single-use technologies when tablets have become their equal in portability and readability and their superior in versatility.  But just because we're not buying Kindles anymore that doesn't mean that we will be reading any fewer digital texts, or any more print texts.

True, paper books are a real pleasure to read.  The codex, as a technology, has had hundreds of years to adapt perfectly to our hands; our eyes; and the way that our brains access, interpret, and recall information.  There are many good reasons why we should keep reading books in print, but until we face the fact that digital texts will coexist with, and perhaps supplant printed texts, we can't focus our energy on what really matters: getting texts (digital or print) that suit our reading habits and needs.  Who cares whether e-reader manufacturers are making or losing money on our reading (because that's what these past 5 years of e-reader boosterism really comes down to, right?)?  What we should care about is getting high-quality, abundant, low-cost, accessible reading materials into our own hands and the hands of our students.

Build a Better E-Book: A Wish List for Academic Reading

The following post developed out of many frustrated and fruitless attempts to use e-books for academic research and educational purposes, and more recently from conversations between Bookaneers Freeda and Althea. This is specifically about using e-books for academic and educational purposes, and specifically not about reading for leisure. 

Anyone who has tried to do research in e-books has probably experienced many of the same frustrations we have. The interfaces are clunky and confusing, it is difficult to browse or "berrypick" within the books, you are most likely reading on your computer, and the list goes on. This is exactly the opposite of the experience reading a paper book. Paper books are simple, intuitive, and pleasurable to read, and they all operate in exactly the same manner. 

What we want is optimum functionality: for e-books to take the best aspects of paper books and the many possibilities of digital. We want uniformity across platforms that includes the ability to customize your reading experience. And we would like it happen in substantially less than the several hundred years it took for print publishers to standardize practices after the invention of the printing press. 

Below is our list of "demands": what we would like from academic e-book publishers. We would also love for this to be an ongoing conversation. Librarians, researchers, students, by all means, let us know what your experiences using e-books for research and education have been. Which functions work, which do not? What are your demands?

Hyperlinks

One of the major differences between reading for pleasure and reading for learning is that academic reading tends to be less linear. It is much more common to jump around, refer back to previous passages, and of course to use all of the additional information and material included in the book. E-book platforms and devices for academic reading should hyperlink footnotes, endnotes, citations, tables of content, and indexes. Most importantly this includes being able to jump from the text to the endnote and back again. Ideally, it would also be much easier to bookmark a section and quickly jump back and forth between passages in the text.

Text that is searchable, highlightable, and copyable

These features are more common in e-book reading platforms, but not universal. Freeda recently tried to copy a passage from an e-book in EBSCO in order to use the information for future reference, but she was unable. These kinds of technological controls are meant to prevent "unauthorized" or "illegal" use of the materials, but in an academic setting prevent perfectly legal, even desirable, uses and stifle productivity.

Consortium lending privileges 

The inability to lend e-books to students at other libraries is another casualty of the transition from physical ownership to digital leasing. Legally, libraries are able to lend the books they own to whomever they wish. But in the digital environment, we no longer own books. We sign licensing agreements. This allows publishers to assert all kinds of controls and limitation over how we use the content. Publishers have long been opposed to the First Sale Doctrine, which allows the owner of a book or a CD or any other item to sell that item to someone else, without paying the publisher. However, now that we do not own these books, we cannot lend them outside of our institutions and we cannot sell them when we are finished with them.

For libraries, the implications of not being able to lend e-books to consortium students are momentous, especially as we make efforts to increase our digital collections. Libraries join consortia in order to save money and still provide access to adequate resources, but as we shift more of our monograph purchases toward e-books, we are perhaps unintentionally decreasing the value of consortium memberships.  

There has been some progress on designing new lending options for consortia lending, but it is one among many lending options that is not available for all titles from all publishers.  The result is that students who attempt to use e-books are only presented with the confusing array of appearances and functionality of e-books if they can get into them in the first place.  A federated catalog displays e-books from consortium institutions and sometimes will and sometimes will not allow students into the book from those results.  If students already find the process of finding a book through the library complicated and confusing, we are only managing to make it worse through our e-book acquisition. 

Portability

Though academic reading is different than leisure reading, there are some areas where the features and abilities of leisure reading platforms (like the Kindle) would be beneficial for academic readers as well. Students should be able to download an e-book to their e-reader, tablet, or smart phone, and then access the content off-line, just as public library users can download e-books. In some cases this may mean making a work available in a variety of formats to facilitate use on different e-reader devices.

Permanence  

As we mentioned above, publishers of e-books have found ways to eliminate the pesky features associated with physical books, like ownership and the First Sale Doctrine. However, when those physical attributes work in publishers’ favor, they are happy to reproduce that feature digitally. Some publishers develop into the licensing agreements for e-books a maximum number of uses, so after the book has been checked out X many times it disappears from the collection. This is meant to mimic the deterioration of physical books. Here again, we should be taking advantage of the freedom associated with the digital format, and not build the bugs of physical books into the new medium.

Bottom line: Get rid of DRM
Many of the things we have mentioned above may fall under the heading of digital rights management. Publishers and platforms have different approaches to digital rights management for ebooks. Some publishers offer e-books more or less free of digital limitations. You can print or download whole chapters as PDFs. Others put up more barriers to access and use.

Say what you will about the need for protecting intellectual property, for us all of this DRM in libraries is rehashing territory we covered decades ago. Publishers have always had an uneasy, or even hostile, relationship with libraries. In the decades when public libraries were being built all over the country, publishers feared that libraries would ruin the market for books, and some publishers took legal action. Fortunately for everyone, they were not successful in curbing the functions of libraries. What was the impact of libraries on the book market? Libraries have created generations of literate, intellectually curious, book-reading citizens. Libraries have created more customers for book stores and publishers, not fewer.

The truth is, as online piracy becomes more widespread, and students become more technologically literate, readers will get their books without these restrictions--but they won't get them from libraries, and they won't get them from publishers, they'll get them on the black market.  If we want readers to use good sources, ethically, we need to provide them with resources that are useable and make sense--which simply means granting them access to their fair use rights in e-book form.

The ideas behind DRM are the same basic fear-based approach publishers historically have taken towards libraries, and it is based a flawed understanding of knowledge, and on knowledge acquisition. As Althea posted last week, reporting on a talk by Barbara Fister, "the resources that we offer are, in fact, renewed by use rather than depleted by it." Publishers should recognize that we add value by circulating these resources widely, and modify their services accordingly.

Will E-book Data Destroy Creativity?

In the ongoing saga of how e-books are changing reading habits, cultures, and markets, it should come as no surprise that publishers and platform providers of e-books have found a new way to cash in on our reading experience.  By analyzing what we read, how much we read, how quickly it takes us to read, and whether we finish a book, Amazon, Apple, and Barnes & Noble are acquiring an unprecedented amount of data about us as readers through the devices on which we read.

Of course, there are a number of potentially dangerous outcomes of this data acquisition that range from privacy to the very nature of creativity. Below I'll work through these issues in order of (my perceived sense of) importance:

Privacy
Records of our reading being kept in great detail can be subpoenaed by law enforcement.  While Alexandra Alter, author of the Wall Street Journal article that kicked off this discussion, says in an On the Media story  that she thinks it's unlikely that law enforcement will use the records in these ways, librarians know better.  Many libraries have taken to keeping minimal records on their patrons--so that they have nothing of substance to hand over to law enforcement--after the Patriot Act debacle of the early 2000s (see the ALA's position on the Patriot Act for more details).

The Market 
The publishing world is contracting, and by all accounts (from my friends in New York who work with publishers), getting an interesting book published is increasingly unlikely.  With new data showing--down to the word--what a typical reader likes, authors of challenging books that are out-of-the-mainstream may have an even more difficult time getting published when market data shows that people didn't get past the 2nd chapter of the last challenging, out-of-the-mainstream book that they bought.

Creativity
But there's an even deeper issue about creativity that lurks beneath the numbers of e-book reading.  Alter points out in her article, "Your E-Book Is Reading You," that 

Publishing has lagged far behind the rest of the entertainment industry when it comes to measuring consumers' tastes and habits. TV producers relentlessly test new shows through focus groups; movie studios run films through a battery of tests and retool them based on viewers' reactions. But in publishing, reader satisfaction has largely been gauged by sales data and reviews—metrics that offer a postmortem measure of success but can't shape or predict a hit. That's beginning to change as publishers and booksellers start to embrace big data, and more tech companies turn their sights on publishing. 

When I brought this up around the dinner table, a friend who has worked in games for a number of years had a swift and decisive response to this that begged the question of whether the "big data" used by the rest of entertainment industry has done anything to improve the quality of what's been produced.  In terms of data being used to shape games, he said, 

It's very scientific, but the only thing that gets you into creating is killed by that process. It's so hard to be creative once you're given the metrics that define your market.  It changes your approach.  If you can't trust yourself as a creator, you can't be as good.

He went on to say that when a new idea is truly original, the usefulness of metrics totally falls apart, because they simply won't apply.  If fact, under those circumstances, metrics act as shackles to a radical idea.  And when they are applied, you often end up with something, "so bland that no one will hate it."

I know that the jury is still out about how creativity, inspiration, and problem solving actually happen in  the brain--but I think there's a real logic in this idea: how useful is data about what's worked in the past, when we're hoping to make something new for the future? 

Counterpoint
The debate about data can get awfully sticky because relying on gut, and doing what's working without getting insight into how it's working or why it's working can produce organizations and industries that are unresponsive to their users and patrons.  This is becoming increasingly clear to the library profession as we scramble to catch up with patrons who could have told us years ago that our approach, equipment, and spaces were outdated--if we'd bothered to ask.  And assuming that people's habits don't say anything useful about their needs and desires smacks of an elitism ("how could they possibly know what's good for them?") that has plagued the publishing industry for decades.  Maybe a little bit of market data will do our writers and publishers a lot of good.

Though Alter claims that before this moment, reading had been a solitary act between the reader and the page, this isn't actually the first time that authors have taken their readers' desires into account in the writing process.  While Dickens was publishing his books chapter by chapter in monthly installments, he was simultaneously finishing them--and you can bet that he knew what people were saying about his plots.   Louisa May Alcott was so annoyed by her readers' responses to the first half of Little Women that she *spoiler alert* married Jo to a man who was old, rough, and grim as punishment.  Whether those books would have been better if genius had been allowed to create in a vacuum is impossible to know--but I feel safe in saying that they're pretty damn good as they are.


So, applying user data to the creative process isn't all bad, but I think that what concerns me most is that this data gathering process feels like everything else that I dislike about e-books: the people who it affects (the readers) don't know how it works, and it's being done first and foremost to increase profit margins, not to improve people's reading experiences.  For more on this topic, don't forget to check out our old old post on the Amazon Kindle DX.  And please, school me in the comments section if you disagree.